![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() The 0-RTT KE concept was first realized by Google in the QUIC Crypto protocol, and a 0-RTT mode has been intensively discussed for inclusion in TLS 1.3. In 0-RTT KE two keys are generated, typically using a Diffie-Hellman key exchange. The first key is a combination of an ephemeral client share and a long-lived server share. The second key is computed using an ephemeral server share and the same ephemeral client share. In this paper, we propose simple security models, which catch the intuition behind known 0-RTT KE protocols namely that the first (resp. second) key should remain indistinguishable from a random value, even if the second (resp. We call this property strong key independence. We also give the first constructions of 0-RTT KE which are provably secure in these models, based on the generic assumption that secure non-interactive key exchange (NIKE) exists (This work was partially supported by a STSM Grant from COST Action IC1306). KeywordsĮfficiency, in terms of messages to be exchanged before a key is established, is a growing consideration for internet protocols today. Basically, the first generation of internet key exchange protocols did not care too much about efficiency, since secure connections were considered to be the exception rather than the rule: SSL (versions 2.0 and 3.0) and TLS (versions 1.0, 1.1, and 1.2) require 2 round-trip times (RTT) for key establishment before the first cryptographically-protected payload data can be sent. ![]() With the increased use of encryption, Footnote 1 efficiency is of escalating importance for protocols like TLS. Similarly, the older IPSec IKE version v1 needs between 3 RTT (aggressive mode quick mode) and 4.5 RTT (main mode quick mode). This was soon realized to be problematic, and in IKEv2 the number of RTTs was reduced to 2. Fundamentally, the discussion on low-latency key exchange (aka. LLKE, zero-RTT or 0-RTT key exchange) was opened when Google proposed the QUIC protocol. 1) achieves low-latency by caching a signed server configuration file on the client side, which contains a medium-lived Diffie-Hellman (DH) share \(Y_0=g^\) query. An Olympus and Canon shooter, he has a wealth of knowledge on cameras of all makes – and a fondness for vintage lenses and instant cameras.See for more details on key dependency in QUIC. This has led him to being a go-to expert for camera and lens reviews, photo and lighting tutorials, as well as industry news, rumors and analysis for publications like Digital Camera Magazine (opens in new tab), PhotoPlus: The Canon Magazine (opens in new tab), N-Photo: The Nikon Magazine (opens in new tab), Digital Photographer (opens in new tab) and Professional Imagemaker, as well as hosting workshops and talks at The Photography Show (opens in new tab). He also serves as a judge for the Red Bull Illume Photo Contest. In this time he shot for clients like Aston Martin Racing, Elinchrom and L'Oréal, in addition to shooting campaigns and product testing for Olympus, and providing training for professionals. The editor of Digital Camera World, James has 21 years experience as a journalist and started working in the photographic industry in 2014 (as an assistant to Damian McGillicuddy, who succeeded David Bailey as Principal Photographer for Olympus). ![]()
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